The new “Magistra Obra” boots from Nike have just hit the UK market for the modest price of £240. The focus of the football boots’ design is performance: enhanced grip and low weight. The stud shapes have deviated from the classical conical shape into triangles, blades or combinations of different forms. Whilst these shapes presumably aim to enhance the performance of the user, the question I am interested in, is what might they do to the person on the receiving end of a bad tackle?

Football boots have experienced high levels of innovation in terms of stud formations and shapes for almost half a century. This is less the case in rugby, where most forwards still use the traditional rounded aluminium screw-in studs, but the backs often use football boots for their superior lightness. Since this cross-over of boots frequently happens, it can be argued that safety of stud designs in both sports should be at a similar standard.
If you play or have played rugby or football, please let us know your opinions and experience with stud injuries by filling out this questionnaire.
History
In 1845 rugby wrote its first law about rugby boots stating that “No player may wear projecting nails or iron plates on the heels or soles of his shoes or boots” [1]. Football didn’t allow any protrusions until a rule change in 1891 [2]. Up until the 1950’s most people played football and rugby in either their work or walking boots, sometimes with added wooden bars or leather studs for extra grip. The first screw in (football) studs have been commercially available since 1924.
Shift to performance
The invention of moulded plastics allowed for cheap mass production of football soles with incorporated studs. This type of boot became popular in the 70’s and its lightness added to its popularity. However, compared to the traditional screw in, this type of stud exerts decreased traction. The trade-off between grip and lightness made this type of boot popular amongst footballers and rugby players in hot, dry countries, especially wingers, since a lighter boot could potentially increase the sprinting speed of the player. The ease of forming plastics then encouraged experiments with different stud designs. These experiments explored how to enhance traction whilst not compromising on weight. This led to the development of bladed, instead of rounded, stud shapes introduced by Adidas in the 1990’s. Since then, studs have been formed in numerous different ways, and their traction has been studied extensively [3].

Time to add safety to the list?
The research aiming for the perfectly designed stud configuration with a maximal performance output has led to concerns amongst medical researchers. Hall & Riou [4] point out several cases of severe laceration injuries caused by similar stud configurations. Outside of academic research, examples of injuries caused by studs are plentiful. Famous is the case of Wayne Rooney, who has suffered both a head and thigh wound [5] due to contact with bladed boots.

I am currently doing a PhD investigating the effect of studded footwear design in these types of skin laceration injuries in football and rugby. My research aims to determine the risk factors associated with stud shapes and configurations and prevent unnecessary injuries in football as well as rugby. The earlier mentioned questionnaire is part of the research and it would be great to read your comments on this subject.
Click here to fill out the questionnaire
[1] World Rugby Museum
[2] Football Boots.co.uk
[3] Barry, B. & Milburn, P. (2013). Tribology, friction and traction: understanding shoe-surface interaction. Footwear Science, 5(3), pp.137–145.
[4] Hall, M.J. & Riou, P. (2004). Football blades: a cause for concern. British journal of sports medicine, 38(5), p.642.
[5] BBC Sport
Picture credits timeline, from left to right
Reblogged this on Bodil's Blog and commented:
My second blog written for Engineering Sport, this time on my PhD subject.
Thanks for an informative article. I think you might find it interesting to also speak to coaches in junior rugby, not just senior players. At a junior level we had a few injuries for players when blades first became popular and a number of clubs banned their use, even with parental objections about extra costs of having to get new boots. These injuries were not normally the result of ‘bad’ tackles but during expected activities during a game. My experience suggested the blades at the time were getting sharp edges more easily from walking across car parks etc. Certainly there was a lack of care of footwear generally.
Not scientific I know but some examples of online discussion and club advice from a variety of forums can be seen in the following: it’s interesting how official ‘legality’ gets easily diffused, and where responsibilities for player welfare seem to reside!
http://passport.worldrugby.org/?page=forums&forum=57&thread=559; http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/oldelthamians/news/minijunior-rugby-notice-the-wearing-of-blades-studs-477594.html; https://www.alton-rfc.com/u10s-news-article/items/blades—are-they-allowed-or-not.944.html; http://www.newburyrfc.co.uk/rugby-nrfc/mini-junior-rugby/; http://www.mowdenpark.com/a/mini-rugby-at-dmprfc-17071.html; http://www.rugbyrefs.com/archive/index.php/t-8835.html; http://therugbyref.blogspot.co.uk/2013/04/stud-legality.html; http://www.mumsnet.com/Talk/exercise/857562-Does-anyone-have-boys-who-play-rugby
Good luck with the research.
Thanks for the elaborate comment, Danny. These clubs banning bladed boots for their youth players boots is definitely a sign that there is a concern in the community about this subject. Having said that, blades are not the only type of boot with bad publicity: https://www.footy-boots.com/are-hybrid-studs-dangerous-27895/ . I will take young players into consideration, although they won’t be included in any of my testing for ethical reasons. Thanks for the links to the discussions / regulations of different clubs!
Bodil
Hi again Bodil, Thanks for the other link – I hadn’t picked up on those boots in rugby but the issues look similar although the damaging results shown far more dramatic!
Just to clarify, I wasn’t suggesting testing young players themselves (agree re the the ethical considerations) but perhaps consulting with coaches (and maybe referees) at all levels of the games on what is seen as safe practice and what advice is given on care and wear of boots, as this factor might be a major influence on the eventual damage studs do, not just the original design?
Yours in sport
Danny